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A fast dimensionality reduction method scaleable to large numbers of samples. Landmark Multi-Dimensional Scaling (LMDS) is an extension of classical 'Torgerson MDS', but rather than calculating a complete distance matrix between all pairs of samples, only the distances between a set of landmarks and the samples are calculated.

Usage

lmds(
  x,
  ndim = 3,
  distance_method = c("euclidean", "pearson", "spearman", "cosine", "chisquared",
    "hamming", "kullback", "manhattan", "maximum", "canberra", "minkowski"),
  landmark_method = c("sample"),
  num_landmarks = 500
)

Arguments

x

A matrix, optionally sparse.

ndim

The number of dimensions

distance_method

The distance metric to use. Options are "euclidean" (default), "pearson", "spearman", "cosine", "manhattan".

landmark_method

The landmark selection method to use. Options are "sample" (default).

num_landmarks

The number of landmarks to use,

Value

The dimensionality reduction in the form of a nrow(x) by ndim matrix.

Examples

library(Matrix)
x <- Matrix::rsparsematrix(1000, 1000, .01)
lmds(x, ndim = 3)
#>              comp_1        comp_2        comp_3
#>    [1,] -0.32744001 -5.469474e-03  0.2011463844
#>    [2,] -0.30961065  7.276987e-03  0.1758819494
#>    [3,] -0.27842870 -1.524229e-02  0.1439829652
#>    [4,] -0.27421847  1.769585e-02  0.1472096580
#>    [5,] -0.29360131  3.106276e-02  0.1520043726
#>    [6,] -0.29997098  8.199960e-03  0.1707871533
#>    [7,] -0.26624939  1.232338e-01  0.0711097350
#>    [8,] -0.30737189  1.041641e-02  0.1771724597
#>    [9,] -0.22493806  2.232000e-02  0.1693231072
#>   [10,] -0.31778718  5.255387e-03  0.2107662314
#>   [11,] -0.31039231  2.373425e-03  0.1803610160
#>   [12,] -0.29917712  4.012345e-02  0.1544087496
#>   [13,] -0.31523567  1.220795e-03  0.1852644624
#>   [14,] -0.31168122  1.228987e-03  0.1837770268
#>   [15,] -0.30141395 -2.732933e-03  0.1693055511
#>   [16,] -0.29364581  7.102768e-03  0.1707395530
#>   [17,] -0.30041224  8.501822e-03  0.1653830211
#>   [18,] -0.25003904  1.117788e-01 -0.0065637258
#>   [19,]  0.10449888  2.395394e-02  0.1579795778
#>   [20,] -0.29388494 -2.836360e-03  0.1733198862
#>   [21,] -0.30625486 -3.111152e-03  0.1801069618
#>   [22,] -0.31735536 -1.002496e-02  0.1873508987
#>   [23,] -0.28942500  2.159636e-02  0.1785463856
#>   [24,] -0.33088645  6.075026e-03  0.2117371341
#>   [25,] -0.31166236  2.426848e-03  0.1901467240
#>   [26,] -0.28799897 -1.730064e-03  0.1507587341
#>   [27,] -0.28426010  2.280831e-02  0.1691339591
#>   [28,] -0.29619910  8.898059e-03  0.1706198641
#>   [29,] -0.31005313  5.675196e-03  0.1703021425
#>   [30,] -0.27494324  9.098009e-02  0.1388913098
#>   [31,] -0.30690810 -2.208061e-03  0.1843508494
#>   [32,] -0.30497289  3.694296e-04  0.1185371769
#>   [33,] -0.29816431  5.044170e-03  0.1761221320
#>   [34,] -0.28480684  1.445586e-02  0.1698831275
#>   [35,] -0.32617775 -5.236507e-03  0.1935746672
#>   [36,] -0.28808314  1.393241e-02  0.1502638178
#>   [37,] -0.33484667 -1.665885e-02  0.2072908658
#>   [38,] -0.31578009  8.201405e-04  0.1902414923
#>   [39,] -0.31006991 -3.326576e-02  0.2003384272
#>   [40,] -0.32603517 -8.824005e-03  0.1973407610
#>   [41,] -0.29496099  1.014383e-02  0.1637747472
#>   [42,] -0.31787139  4.704688e-03  0.1831738388
#>   [43,] -0.29797343  9.741216e-03  0.1740012049
#>   [44,] -0.27316793  2.217718e-02  0.1824985788
#>   [45,] -0.31866922 -6.535551e-03  0.1913566708
#>   [46,] -0.29314545  1.391345e-02  0.1240611882
#>   [47,] -0.28459325  1.333933e-02  0.1573623806
#>   [48,] -0.29351449  6.957326e-02  0.1626723798
#>   [49,] -0.30246758  1.300491e-02  0.1763916235
#>   [50,] -0.28682948  4.831052e-03  0.1831493773
#>   [51,] -0.32129265 -4.170638e-03  0.1955561151
#>   [52,] -0.28665541  7.672864e-03  0.1547183711
#>   [53,] -0.28670509  1.724769e-02  0.1500867609
#>   [54,] -0.26141791 -1.608047e-02  0.1478693734
#>   [55,] -0.29998693  9.073688e-03  0.1668136604
#>   [56,] -0.31803207  1.935029e-03  0.1846124629
#>   [57,] -0.29941630  7.388136e-04  0.1720216627
#>   [58,] -0.32317259 -5.651440e-03  0.1957196781
#>   [59,] -0.29570033  5.489351e-03  0.1708802206
#>   [60,] -0.26577293  2.624833e-02  0.1383043569
#>   [61,] -0.32401615 -5.080582e-03  0.1971816833
#>   [62,] -0.31093213 -1.747865e-03  0.1829176016
#>   [63,] -0.28319298  1.121859e-02  0.1575471156
#>   [64,] -0.29553005  1.147207e-02  0.1512745574
#>   [65,] -0.28799753  1.261739e-02  0.1651537422
#>   [66,] -0.30489975  7.743198e-03  0.1366783367
#>   [67,] -0.33168503 -8.177589e-03  0.1998974273
#>   [68,] -0.29429940 -1.735309e-03  0.1567105500
#>   [69,] -0.29412352  2.165458e-02  0.1907880642
#>   [70,] -0.28561217  1.890959e-02  0.1621928106
#>   [71,] -0.29631448  5.617999e-02  0.2120682274
#>   [72,] -0.29323762  3.537046e-03  0.1879630680
#>   [73,] -0.23454667  4.764425e-02  0.1633647526
#>   [74,] -0.30632212  6.479673e-04  0.1769540010
#>   [75,] -0.30391586  2.249382e-03  0.1783979391
#>   [76,] -0.28784982  1.813838e-02  0.1644924679
#>   [77,] -0.29011278  3.120805e-02  0.1574900320
#>   [78,] -0.30968787  6.351369e-04  0.1773067265
#>   [79,] -0.29937378  1.519606e-02  0.1677859682
#>   [80,] -0.31021390 -3.100171e-03  0.1831465761
#>   [81,] -0.26219118 -2.282603e-02  0.1680917323
#>   [82,] -0.29759112  1.851609e-02  0.1640759281
#>   [83,] -0.30316382  2.242029e-02  0.1693853870
#>   [84,] -0.33805950 -1.416640e-02  0.2047671599
#>   [85,] -0.28368005  2.019595e-02  0.1666320527
#>   [86,] -0.29011395  2.044520e-02  0.1743345872
#>   [87,] -0.30860659  1.408926e-02  0.1958547143
#>   [88,] -0.28334746  1.401979e-02  0.1657097366
#>   [89,] -0.32103577 -3.357036e-03  0.1957087567
#>   [90,] -0.28815040  3.096339e-02  0.1709456556
#>   [91,] -0.32576670 -5.098756e-03  0.1892261278
#>   [92,] -0.29132964 -2.565836e-03  0.1743604495
#>   [93,] -0.32982221 -6.556476e-03  0.1975352725
#>   [94,] -0.30554883  3.894985e-03  0.1397934613
#>   [95,] -0.24838017 -2.349584e-03  0.1474757843
#>   [96,] -0.31401268 -1.900981e-03  0.1811242292
#>   [97,] -0.31732298 -1.517773e-03  0.1963866422
#>   [98,] -0.23948416  1.466289e-02  0.1449117041
#>   [99,] -0.23137056  4.605785e-02  0.1326246330
#>  [100,] -0.27468866  2.097006e-02  0.1473358065
#>  [101,] -0.29653305  1.179780e-02  0.1578013992
#>  [102,] -0.29944805  1.114192e-02  0.1788411569
#>  [103,] -0.27444158  1.732467e-02  0.1474853167
#>  [104,] -0.29364359  9.803805e-03  0.1604971976
#>  [105,] -0.29714605 -5.738810e-03  0.1663124750
#>  [106,] -0.27468825  2.527417e-02  0.1414082233
#>  [107,] -0.33024543 -8.220095e-03  0.1984179751
#>  [108,] -0.28740739  6.174416e-02  0.1662962400
#>  [109,] -0.29763315  1.718350e-02  0.1592366025
#>  [110,] -0.28485012  1.561450e-03  0.1538915614
#>  [111,] -0.32445450 -3.114352e-03  0.1946203979
#>  [112,] -0.26985451  1.350888e-02  0.1698692703
#>  [113,] -0.29249380  4.383301e-02  0.1811034683
#>  [114,] -0.30143629  4.050977e-03  0.1881416653
#>  [115,] -0.31997311 -2.817364e-03  0.1855985792
#>  [116,] -0.27568134  1.709223e-02  0.1518263139
#>  [117,] -0.27519845  2.104546e-02  0.1554841996
#>  [118,] -0.31156055  1.129601e-03  0.1669764328
#>  [119,] -0.25501150  3.177933e-02  0.1370453212
#>  [120,] -0.31892504 -8.017074e-03  0.1858541165
#>  [121,] -0.30920677 -2.679906e-03  0.1875281927
#>  [122,] -0.27362318  2.740109e-02  0.0524599794
#>  [123,] -0.30065606  1.260535e-02  0.1365687346
#>  [124,] -0.28834278  3.350159e-02  0.1757930606
#>  [125,] -0.31658740 -6.724731e-03  0.1959261571
#>  [126,] -0.32747195 -3.238430e-03  0.1953441171
#>  [127,] -0.28274793  1.213484e-01  0.1511303104
#>  [128,] -0.29003628  1.162572e-02  0.1626393062
#>  [129,] -0.29802648  7.477207e-03  0.1659454850
#>  [130,] -0.30441091 -4.828176e-03  0.1782577391
#>  [131,] -0.27543077  3.264833e-02  0.1536288547
#>  [132,] -0.26616291  2.078352e-01  0.0346279267
#>  [133,] -0.30559921  5.419938e-03  0.1779280031
#>  [134,] -0.27690605  1.051629e-02  0.1514965659
#>  [135,] -0.28806672  6.305463e-03  0.1413567667
#>  [136,] -0.27916414  3.999972e-03  0.1693850095
#>  [137,] -0.27819372 -1.248077e-02  0.1739272977
#>  [138,] -0.30428414  3.879677e-03  0.1825783726
#>  [139,] -0.27339389  6.097941e-02  0.1769781333
#>  [140,] -0.25155163 -8.385647e-02  0.1998650020
#>  [141,] -0.30245389  2.748000e-02  0.1431084795
#>  [142,] -0.27777524  2.456723e-02  0.1531159784
#>  [143,] -0.30237822  4.921276e-03  0.1775355452
#>  [144,] -0.28824231  2.284836e-02  0.1577635967
#>  [145,] -0.26436426  1.064019e-02  0.1493912370
#>  [146,] -0.28090334  8.306763e-03  0.1655796311
#>  [147,] -0.29664232 -2.454239e-02  0.1821911639
#>  [148,] -0.29966545 -7.183526e-03  0.2003795197
#>  [149,] -0.30451550  1.538938e-03  0.1777190556
#>  [150,] -0.29250273  1.642942e-02  0.1892581843
#>  [151,] -0.29965067 -7.148490e-03  0.1516159336
#>  [152,] -0.32528873  6.353066e-03  0.1813249977
#>  [153,] -0.28621352  1.315616e-02  0.1672255867
#>  [154,] -0.30517491  1.046037e-02  0.1797472339
#>  [155,] -0.28969209 -1.171107e-01  0.0739529558
#>  [156,] -0.30308482  2.737372e-02  0.1565489370
#>  [157,] -0.31553939  1.384118e-03  0.1875330929
#>  [158,] -0.29237562  3.335897e-02  0.1730810095
#>  [159,] -0.31097908  4.207234e-04  0.1784809458
#>  [160,] -0.30971121  9.971684e-03  0.1715864066
#>  [161,] -0.29414397  9.544357e-03  0.1595919285
#>  [162,] -0.29990804  4.428986e-03  0.1750939319
#>  [163,] -0.28546920  1.335748e-01  0.1281949355
#>  [164,] -0.30230354  5.234302e-03  0.1818888399
#>  [165,] -0.29035625 -6.768608e-02  0.2081548838
#>  [166,] -0.30756975  9.973663e-03  0.1852107646
#>  [167,] -0.31317064 -2.366169e-02  0.1900129277
#>  [168,] -0.30307377  1.297496e-02  0.1649133526
#>  [169,] -0.27052230  1.854736e-02  0.1532106219
#>  [170,] -0.26003623  9.651962e-03  0.1613192738
#>  [171,] -0.28575803 -1.955368e-03  0.1660930875
#>  [172,] -0.28249529  2.254136e-02  0.1496724096
#>  [173,] -0.28848994  3.486774e-03  0.1610368633
#>  [174,] -0.29541090  5.577731e-03  0.1670100824
#>  [175,] -0.29811128  1.025738e-02  0.1676710149
#>  [176,] -0.31264335  2.354888e-04  0.1819081543
#>  [177,] -0.26822751  4.121542e-02  0.1538165400
#>  [178,] -0.29477546  1.169059e-02  0.1670564000
#>  [179,] -0.28211429  5.459932e-03  0.1102751073
#>  [180,] -0.28752445  3.789080e-03  0.1861001325
#>  [181,] -0.32231275 -2.093544e-03  0.1835395627
#>  [182,] -0.30158554 -2.974679e-02  0.1939722608
#>  [183,] -0.30150166  8.482574e-03  0.1669660749
#>  [184,] -0.28754167  2.149252e-02  0.2024403848
#>  [185,] -0.29282379  1.646412e-02  0.1775679864
#>  [186,] -0.29006085  2.448593e-01  0.3444840081
#>  [187,] -0.29800938  1.669085e-02  0.1787930038
#>  [188,] -0.31252173 -5.085301e-03  0.1876522606
#>  [189,] -0.27758347  1.694962e-02  0.1504770495
#>  [190,] -0.26380453  1.151360e-02  0.1315697120
#>  [191,] -0.27659718  1.837037e-02  0.1518003622
#>  [192,] -0.30808109  6.387319e-03  0.1597883682
#>  [193,] -0.28806277  2.590880e-03  0.2860100913
#>  [194,] -0.32093290  5.209357e-04  0.1879602733
#>  [195,] -0.31267602 -2.857873e-02  0.1986797968
#>  [196,] -0.25889762  4.304835e-01 -0.0928237157
#>  [197,] -0.32086548 -3.763268e-04  0.1813799439
#>  [198,] -0.28390357 -5.051504e-03  0.1649796854
#>  [199,] -0.28381089  8.576784e-03  0.1688408043
#>  [200,] -0.28989477  1.592683e-03  0.1618350693
#>  [201,] -0.30950314  5.883482e-02  0.1567799294
#>  [202,] -0.32120649 -4.451050e-03  0.1925518320
#>  [203,] -0.34109027 -8.452883e-03  0.1490167051
#>  [204,] -0.30886904  8.349366e-03  0.1780963850
#>  [205,] -0.27791299  9.690702e-03  0.1691147332
#>  [206,] -0.28417755  5.966258e-02  0.1397398709
#>  [207,] -0.28128123  1.856025e-02  0.1456587050
#>  [208,] -0.29484268  7.113150e-03  0.2113990275
#>  [209,] -0.31266887  5.679037e-03  0.1814758523
#>  [210,] -0.32148017 -4.320823e-03  0.1866897109
#>  [211,] -0.24381705 -6.787615e-03  0.1973465155
#>  [212,] -0.27768425  8.560123e-02  0.1689907553
#>  [213,] -0.31716302 -5.980208e-03  0.1835889590
#>  [214,] -0.30168312  8.556202e-03  0.1882130688
#>  [215,] -0.27786342  1.910357e-02  0.1499916250
#>  [216,] -0.31107573 -4.183660e-03  0.1794746023
#>  [217,] -0.28900583 -7.945350e-03  0.1661368441
#>  [218,]  0.50000000  5.775870e-02  0.1599968797
#>  [219,] -0.31004562  7.445835e-04  0.1684915815
#>  [220,] -0.30749850  1.009546e-02  0.2129597403
#>  [221,] -0.29755924 -1.035287e-03  0.1620819609
#>  [222,] -0.27697191  1.001658e-03  0.1528529322
#>  [223,] -0.31910878 -1.781282e-02  0.1528647316
#>  [224,] -0.30617235  1.023483e-02  0.1731168725
#>  [225,] -0.31624469 -4.995137e-03  0.2025524718
#>  [226,] -0.21459260  2.594372e-02  0.1896958069
#>  [227,] -0.29524820  5.812117e-03  0.1621202942
#>  [228,] -0.30064770  1.437385e-02  0.1543881555
#>  [229,] -0.30852331  3.851383e-03  0.1790116020
#>  [230,] -0.29956932  1.852129e-03  0.1620295006
#>  [231,] -0.30853524  5.340494e-03  0.1696646208
#>  [232,] -0.28146678 -2.892787e-02  0.1600866343
#>  [233,] -0.27698154  5.819981e-02  0.1288188012
#>  [234,] -0.30764433  5.616240e-03  0.1681267031
#>  [235,] -0.26831099  2.915904e-02  0.1369023691
#>  [236,] -0.29342894  1.001331e-02  0.1818769773
#>  [237,] -0.28402003  1.420625e-02  0.1688949704
#>  [238,] -0.30152195  2.979941e-03  0.1696098580
#>  [239,] -0.29368674  2.350922e-02  0.1736118578
#>  [240,] -0.28050188  1.623926e-02  0.1602156842
#>  [241,] -0.30132334  2.422813e-03  0.1638693240
#>  [242,] -0.32230402 -2.343686e-03  0.1966602881
#>  [243,] -0.32814613 -9.799805e-03  0.1980092273
#>  [244,] -0.28890989  9.740870e-03  0.1565252292
#>  [245,] -0.28066536  2.950059e-03  0.1510563271
#>  [246,] -0.32240043 -4.329130e-04  0.1912730662
#>  [247,] -0.29470287 -4.458896e-03  0.1870475625
#>  [248,] -0.28207023  6.726066e-03  0.1242229329
#>  [249,] -0.28758764  7.673789e-03  0.1609687760
#>  [250,] -0.30643755  4.881310e-03  0.1852321761
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